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Hey There, Looks like we made it to another Friday! I hope everyone had a productive week and is looking forward to a fun-filled weekend. Welcome to all the new readers and our regular audience. My new site is coming along and I do not see any problems making it live on October 10. It has quite a few pages linking to all sorts of information. October has gotten here quickly and holiday decorations are popping up all over the place. Soon we will be eating turkey with all the fixings and wondering where the year has gone. In Mississippi the weather is nice. The heat has gone and the nights have turned cool. Just the perfect weather for camping down by the creek. I would like to thank you for taking time to read or skim over this ezine. Gracious, I know you do not have time to read every issue of every ezine you receive. So thank you for opening it up and getting whatever you need from it. OK, on the the meat of this issue! May God Bless you and all of your family. Sincerely, Janet Bullard |
King James VersionGenesis 9.The Book of GenesisReturn to Index
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A Well-Oiled Strategy Machine Yes, that's what public relations really is when it tracks important external audience perceptions and follow on behaviors. And again when it does something about those perceptions and behaviors by reaching, persuading and moving to actions you desire, those people whose behaviors affect your organization the most. All of which makes it much more likely that you will achieve your operating objectives. So, could this be the time to put a new public relations program in motion that will provide you with results like these? 0 Make sales prospects aware of your product and service values and convert many of them to customers. 0 Reinforce those same product and service values with your existing customers and keep many of them. 0 Boost your productivity by persuading your employees that you really do care about them. 0 Avoid unnecessary problems by insuring that the minority community knows you don't discriminate. 0 Make employee hiring and retention problems a thing of the past by convincing community residents that your business is a good place to work. 0 Avoid "bad press" by being straightforward and responsive to media queries - and NEVER lie to them! 0 And nail down that joint venture or strategic alliance by quickly knocking down negative rumors started by trouble- making competitors. Now, here's how the well-oiled strategy machine that produces such results can support your objectives and work hard for YOU.. Decide up front who matters most to you among those outside audiences of yours. Whose behaviors can make or break your day? Which audiences produce the most significant impacts on your organization? Let's call that outside audience #1 on the priority list and work on it right now. Of course, other external audiences will require your attention in due course. First question: how do members of this key target audience view your organization and its products and services? Always surprises me how many business people answer this question vaguely, if at all. To get those and other useful responses, you must interact with those individuals and ask a lot of questions. For example, what do you think of us and our products/services? Or, have you had any problems with our services or products? Be especially alert to negative responses or even undertones. And watch closely for inaccuracies that need to be corrected, or misconceptions you must clear up. Rumors, of course, must be addressed directly and killed dead, to emphasize the point! Now you're ready to set you public relations goal. Namely, correct that inaccuracy, or clear up that misconception, or kill that rumor. Keep your goal zeroed in on the precise negative you wish to correct. What now? How will you reach that goal? Of course with a strategy, and you have three available to you: create opinion where there isn't any, alter existing opinion, or reinforce it. The goal you already set will determine which strategy choice you make. The quality of the message you send to your key outside audiences will have a huge bearing on whether their perceptions can be altered in your direction. For instance, if your message persuades them that the rumor that you dump chemicals into the river is simply not true, you will sense the change in their perception and, thus, their behavior as they again cooperate and/or do business with you as before. Keep your message as compelling as possible, persuasive of course, and crystal-clear as to its meaning. Next stop? Call in the "foot soldiers," aka communications tactics, to carry that outstanding message of yours to the right eyes and ears. Luckily there are many, many commu- nications tactics available. For example, personal contacts, letters-to-the-editor, press releases and speeches. Or, emails, brochures, radio/newspaper interviews and newsletters. The only requirement is that each tactic you choose have a proven record of reaching members of the target audience you want to reach. Now, some weeks after your communications tactics went into action, you will be curious to know if you are making any progress towards altering key audience perceptions. Best way to find out is to ask the same key audience members you questioned during your initial fact finding mission. Same questions, but now you're anxious to know if their perceptions have been altered in your direction because that will suggest that behavior changes can soon be expected. Now, if you note some opinion alteration, but not enough, you must take two actions. One, review your communi- cations tactics for mix and frequency adjustments. And two, look closely at your message to see if it is as clear and compelling as it could be. And also whether your facts and figures really support your view that the inaccuracy is unfairly damaging to you. Happily, your prize for using a well-oiled strategy machine like public relations will be the altered perceptions you desire, leading to behaviors that contribute directly to the success of your business. end Bob Kelly counsels, writes and speaks about the fundamental premise of public relations. He has been DPR, Pepsi-Cola Co.; AGM-PR, Texaco Inc.; VP-PR, Olin Corp.; VP-PR, Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co.; director of communications, U.S. Department of the Interior, and deputy assistant press secretary, The White House. mailto:bobkelly@TNI.net Visit: http://www.prcommentary.com |
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Making Your Web Site Customer Friendly By: Erum Munir Online selling! This can be a profitable venture or a complete disaster. How do you stop it from being the latter? By making your website 'Customer Friendly' Lets define 'Customer Friendly'. It means that you provide an environment where your customer can come and purchase your product and does not face any hurdles in the way. There are certain rules to good online selling.
Erum Munir is the owner of DotsnDashes Website Designs She is also the editor of the newsletter DotsnDashes ENews. Please visit her web site at http://www.dotsndashes.com and subscribe to her newsletter by sending a mail to: mailto:DotsnDashes-EN-@egroups.com |
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Foolproof Web Connections |
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Making It Work
William Speake When planning a new office for your own home, keep in mind these tips from work-space design expert William Speake.
William Speake is the owner of Oakville, Ont., work-space design firm and furniture store The Art of Working. For more ideas on planning and designing a home office, visit http://www.theartofworking.com. |
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Working At Home...Should It Be A Job Or A Business?
Kirk Bannerman articles@business-at-home.us Legitimate Home Based Business http://business-at-home.us You have decided to work at home (either by choice or necessity) and now you are faced with the decision as to whether to pursue a work at home job or to start a home based business. That may sound like a minor distinction, but the differences can be significant. A general psychological characterization of the entrepreneurial spirit, says they are typically people who have a high energy level, set long-term goals, feel quite self-confident, and view money and financial security as a measure of accomplishment and piece of mind. They are further characterized as problem solvers, who take risks, learn from their failures (as well as those of others), accept personal responsibility, seize the initiative, and use all available resources to achieve their success. Entrepreneurs compete with themselves and believe that success or failure lies within their personal control or influence. They do not see setbacks as failures, but rather as learning experiences. Most of all, they exhibit persistence and tenacity, never giving up and never quitting the quest for success. If you fit most of these criteria, you would probably elect to start a home business instead of undertaking a work at home job. However, the decision to work at home does not necessarily mean that you want to be the owner of a business. You may prefer working at home for an already established company. This is often easier to do than owning a business yourself and you may not want all the headaches, responsibilities and obligations that come with owning your own business. Regardless of which path (job or business) you choose, the first step is to figure out what business or work-from-home opportunity you want to pursue. There are many excellent information sources such as public libraries and Internet sites that list seemingly countless home business and work at home job opportunities. The abundance is so great that it might well lead to confusion. One of the most important factors is often overlooked. This is your personal inventory. Often this will yield some direction and focus to the business or job selection process. Assess yourself and your situation. Write a resume for yourself that includes your background, education, training as well as any particular on-the-job skills you possess that could possibly be used in a venture or job. Also look at your leisure-time activities and hobbies, because many businesses result from a person following their "passion." Ask yourself how much time you can realistically put into a business venture, given your present commitments. Once you have determined the general type of home business or work at home job that you want to undertake, it is of critical importance that you do your homework (research) to select the specific opportunity where you are going to make your “investment” (some combination of time, effort and money) in working at home. ________________________________ Kirk Bannerman operates a successful home based business and resides in California. For more details, visit his website at http://business-at-home.us This article provided by the Marketing-Seek Archives at: http://www.Marketing-Seek.com |
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------------------------------------------------------ Wetland Gardens by Sandra Lawton We'd like to take a look at how to turn a waterlogged area into something beautiful! Wetland Gardens --------------- Where we live, in Hampshire, UK, there is a lot of clay in the soil and with our wet climate, this readily turns areas of the garden into a quagmire. But this does not have to be a cause for despair! The best option is to accept this area as a 'wetland' and address it accordingly. If you fancy the idea, but don't have a wetland area, you can create one artificially. More and more I'm being asked to do just that. There is a range of plants that can not only cope with boggy areas, but positively thrive, producing luxuriant foliage and stunning flowers.
Actually prefer these conditions alongside other trees and shrubs. We've briefly discussed how water attracts the birds and wildlife and wetland gardens are no different. Many birds and a variety of brightly coloured insects will soon enhance your garden. Wetland Gardens really are very beautiful. If you create these areas artificially, in order to blend it in with the environment, it is important to create an extended marginal area (the zone between wet and dry land). Another beauty of wetland gardens is their ability to stand alone as an attractive feature, or to act as an extenstion to a pond or a stream. They are inexpensive, and easy to create, so here we go, get your spade out ........ Creating your Wetland Garden (2m - 6ft wide) -------------------------------------------- Equipment:
How? ---- Mark out the area to the shape you want. Dig out a hole, to a depth of about 60cm (2ft), with sloping sides. Remove any large or sharp stones. Spread the polythene over the hole and gently press it into the bottom. Hold the edges down with bricks or heavy stones. Pulling from the edge work around the liner flattening the creases to the sides. Using your fork, puncture the liner, creating drainage holes over the whole area. Spread the shingle over the bottom to a depth of 5cm (2"), using the rake. This will now form a draninage zone to prevent stagnation. Refill the hole with the soil you removed, to about 5cm from the top. Trim the edges of the liner and continue filling, making sure that the edges of the liner are concealed below the surface. Firm the soil down, using your heels and rake over. How did it go? Ok I hope! You must keep your wetland garden well watered during dry periods, which can be done more attractively with a seeping hose (a hose with lots of holes in it). You can make your own from a piece of 2" pipe and drilling holes in it, the sort of pipe used for sink outlets is ideal. This then gets pushed into the gravel, with the buried end blocked off. Insert your garden hose into the pipe and allow the water to trickle slowly through the holes. This method prevents puddling on the surface. You are now ready for planting! Using the suggestions of types of plants listed above, be sure to visit a nursery that have a good selction of marginals to choose from. If you would like to send a photo of your completed project (or any other completed, related project), we will be more than happy to present it on our web site. We would very much like to get a readers page up and running. Email them in JPG (jpeg) if possible to: sandra@ezine-info.co.uk Don't forget you can also use garden lighting to enhance your plants and shrubs within this area. Take a trip to our lighting web site. http://www.absolutelylights.co.uk ----------------------------------------------------- Sandra Lawton - MSc Helping Small Business' in the UK get successfully online mailto:sandra@sandradesign.co.uk or visit her at http://www.sandradesign.co.uk |
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My Favorite Ezines - http://www.myfavoriteezines.com The most popular family friendly ezine directory on the internet. Send us your ezine link and we'll add it free of charge. No adult or objectional content allowed. ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ Computer_Business Ezine! Subscriber may submit their own Articles, Resources, Tools, Tips, Tricks on Internet Marketing, affiliate programs, Money saving tips, Products with deep discount. & more. mailto:Computer_Business- subscribe@yahoogroups.com ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ Smart Mom Central News can Help! Weekly we deliver articles, tips, tools and resources straight to you Fr-e! http://www.smartmomcentral.com/mmf/sub. pl?SMC=!FLM ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ Alot has changed at The FortuneFinder website! More affiliate programs, ad specials, trivia, members ONLY goodies, and MORE !! Not a member? mailto:karma@theinbox.org http://thefortunefinder.mybravenet.com/ sitemap.htm Members get 3 FR33 ad a week in The Gazette!! ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ Running a business online? You NEED wholesale prices! The very BE ST wholesale sources! Great Profits! Email: mailto:subscribe@wholesalecenters.com for your FR33 eZine subscription! Get a FR33 Wholesale Sources eBook and a FR33 classified ad! http://www.wholesalecenters.com/ezine ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ My IBiz Helper can help you become a successful Netpreneur. Visit http://MyIBizHelper.com and sign up for my newsletter mailto:myibizweekly@rapidreply.net or mailto:subscribe@myibizhelper.com Your Success depends on it! ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ There is such a thing as a fr'ee lunch at CYBERSHOPNEWS! New subs get a fr'ee ad; refer a friend and get a fr'ee sponsor ad; weekly fr'ee two line ads with the current ad code. All this and great articles and contests too! Add yourself to the list at: mailto:cybershopnews@freeautobot.com. View the latest edition at: http://www.galleryogifts.com ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ Netpreneur Now! Join us today and receive access to our Exclusive Members-Only Site and claim a Fr33 Ad! We carry help, reviews, articles, ebooks, fre-bies, lots more. The site has a complete beginners section. Membership is currently free so visit us http://www.netpreneurnow.com today! ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ At eMoneyPartner.com we're committed 100% to helping you build a profitable online enterprise. http://emoneypartner.com/extracash4u ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ The FortuneFinder Website.....Affiliate and email programs.....info products.....ad packages..... member's only goodies.....and more every day! To join, mailto:TFFGsubscribe@freeautobot.com or visit: http://www.fortunefinder.org/ TFFGsubscribe.html ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ FR33 Weekly Ezine Ads! Need a newsletter that offers, FR-E ads, LOW paid advertising, articles, tips, EXTRA ways to make CA$H, etc. Subscribe to Biz Source Plus NOW!! http://bizsourceplus.com ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~ |
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Teaching a Child to Read is a Parent's Most Important Task Source: Business Wire Publication date: 2003-09-30 LONG BEACH, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sept. 30, 2003--Reading ability is the single best predictor of a child's future success in the classroom. The scary fact is that children who fail to learn to read fail to reach their full academic potential. Unfortunately, research shows that 4 out of every 10 children in America -- nearly half of the children on your street -- experience literacy problems. What can be done to address this educational crisis? More and more the answer is found at home, rather than at school. In fact, 80% of American preschools and day cares do not have any books at all! Luckily, parents can make the most significant difference in their child's reading attitudes and ability. How? The methods are as varied as children's learning styles and it often takes a combination of several to reach the child. Fortunately, there are hundreds of books, software programs, and phonics toys on the market devoted to teaching children to read. In fact, the Electronic Learning Aid toy category, devoted to the creation of educational products, has increased 60% since 2000. From letter-shaped refrigerator magnets to Dr. Seuss books to electronic phonics toys like the LeapPad, companies big and small are getting into the reading game. Some of the most effective (and fun!) options include:
There are also many activities parents and children can do together without additional prop. John F. Savage, professor emeritus at Boston College and author of "Sound It Out! Phonics in a Comprehensive Reading Program," offers parents the following tips to support children in learning to read:
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John
Lyons' Bringing Up Baby
20 Progressive Ground-Work Exercises to Develop Your Young Horse into a Reliable, Accepting Partner
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The Animal Rescue Site is having
trouble getting enough people to click on their link daily
to meet their quota to getting free food donated every day to abused
and neglected animals. It takes less than a minute to go to their
site and click on "feed an animal in need" for free. This doesn't
cost you a thing. Their corporate sponsors/advertisers use the number
of daily visits to donate food to abandoned/neglected animals in
exchange for advertising.
Here's the web site! Pass it along to people you know.
http://www.theanimalrescuesite.com
Make Stall Time More Interesting By Laura Phelps-Bell If you’re horse is confined to a stall, here are a few ideas on how to make his/her stall time less boring and more interesting. First and ideally, a box stall with a run is the best circumstance in this situation. If your horse is in only a box stall with no outside run, make sure that she has as much ventilation and light coming into her stall as possible. Often, light deprivation can lead to a horse that is mentally not feeling well and can become depressed, which may manifest as anger. Lack of good ventilation/fresh air can lead to upper respiratory problems, so even if the horse doesn't demonstrate symptoms of problems such as coughing, or labored breathing, they could still be feeling "not well" and perhaps feeling a "heaviness" in their lungs/chest, which could contribute to an "under-the-weather" feeling. All of these things can make your horse cranky because just like with humans, if we're just generally not feeling well but can't quite put our finger on what is wrong, we may just be in a bad mood because of it. Set it up so your horse can at least stick her head out over the stall door instead of being totally confined in her little "box" looking at four walls only. If the stall has slider doors with affixed grillwork up top which prevents your horse from looking out, for a reasonable price, most barn companies have stall screens that can be hung in the doorway and that have a U-shaped cutout so that the horse can stick their head out, but can't reach the outside barn walls on either side of their door and perhaps scrape the walls with their teeth, damaging the outside barn walls. However, it will allow them to stick their head out and look around and watch the activity around the barn area. Horses like to look around, especially the more active-minded horses, or horses which are a bit more dominant, or horses that are used to living outside most of the time. They get so much sensory input by listening, seeing, smelling, that to lock them in an area where they can't at least look around and observe those things which they can smell, hear and maybe catch glimpses of, at the very least is depressing for them. Often, this sadness and depression can lead to fear, frustration, anger and downright hostility. Rather then have that happen, I'd just as soon see a horse be out in a deeply muddy corral with access to a shelter if they care to use it. So if your horse doesn't already have a box stall where she can at least stick her head out and look around, make arrangements to buy a stall screen with the U-shaped cutout (or some variation thereof) so that she can at least look around the barn area and not have just a limited view from behind a stall door. They also have nylon or cotton stall guards/webbings to put across a door, but some horses will paw and stick a leg through and get hung up in them, or if they really want to leave the stall, they'll just press had enough with their chest to "pop" the eye-hooks right out of the doorway and will leave the stall. Something a little more sturdy may, or may not be in order for your mare. Next, I would provide your horse with plenty of "chew time" by giving her access to plenty of grass hay. Don't do this with alfalfa hay because it is too rich and could cause problems with fermentation in her cecum, which will then disrupt her guts microbial population which could possibly lead to colic and/or laminitis/founder. Grass hay is very safe to feed in quantity, and since most horses don't gobble it down like they will "candy" alfalfa, they have something to nibble on for longer periods of time. The grass hay will keep her busy and help relieve boredom and in addition, if it's cold where you live, the process of chewing and then digestion will help create warmth, especially during cold nights. The next step would be for your horse to perhaps have some "toys". Now, in my experience, many alpha-type horses, especially if they are not babies, look at you like you're a fool if you think they are going to play with a stall-ball, or a tether-ball hanging from the doorway. However, I have in fact caught these same mares "playing" with a regular plastic ball (with no handle like a stallball has) and kicking it around the stall. Another good "toy" is the rubber feed tubs made by Fortex that come in various sizes. They like to pick them up and move them around (like redecorating their stall perhaps?). Another thing I've noticed that works good as a "toy" are car tires. If a portion of her hay is put in there at feeding time, she will have to move the tire around to get all the food out from inside and also underneath. This will keep her busy for far longer getting to every little bit of food there is and that will help keep her mind occupied. If you use the car tires though, make sure they are not steel radials, or tires that have gouges out of them; we don't want your horse injuring her mouth on the steel belting, and we also don't want her to rip off a hunk of gouged tire, swallow it and end up with an obstruction. There is a photo that I have in my files from off the Internet of a 2-year-old horse that was found dead in a large tire feeder, but I'm not proposing you use a big tire feeder (mostly because it would take up too much room in the stall). I'm suggesting just a standard truck or car tire, mostly so she'll keep her mind occupied getting to her food in and around the smaller tire. I just go down to the local tire store and select the best of the cast-off tires. Most tire stores have to pay to take them to the dump and get them hauled off anyway, so they are usually more then happy to give them to you. I have sometimes seen even the most "serious" mares play with the Fortex feed tubs and also the car tires too. Another interesting "toy" I've used is to hang a gallon plastic milk container by its handle from the center beam in the stall ceiling and put either small rocks in it, or alfalfa pellets. The sound of the rocks moving around when the horse bounces and swings it with their nose seems to entertain them. If you put alfalfa pellets in it, be prepared for a horse who will have many hours of bouncing and pushing it around to tip it enough to dump some pellets out of the open top if they manage to push it hard enough so it turns upside-down for a second on the end of it's rope! Sometimes, I believe it's just the need to be able to move around and also be carrying something in their mouth as they wander around the stall which makes a horse as happy as they are ever going to be when confined in a stall. And also having grass hay to munch on satisfies the grazing need they have by having grass hay down at a lower level where they are extending their heads and necks down in a more natural grazing position. Sure, they may make a mess and there might also be some waste of hay, but that’s far better then having their minds messed up instead through anger, hostility, depression, etc! Good Luck! Laura Phelps-Bell %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% BR> Starwood Farms is located in the beautiful Carson Valley in Northern Nevada. The farm is home to several different breeds of horses including Tennessee Walking Horses, Appaloosas, Nevada Mustangs and Arabian crosses. She been a trainer/instructor for 25 years in multiple disciplines including Dressage to FEI Levels, Hunters, Western events, trail and pleasure riding. For more information, please contact Rick and Laura Bell: PO Box 7050, Lake Tahoe, NV 89449, 775-265-4496 Starwood Farms LdyHawk09@aol.com |
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Author/s: Kathi Keville Part 5 of 5 Besides enhancing mental acuity, aroma can also improve memory. Trygg Engen, Ph.D., a Brown University professor of psychology and author of Perception of Odor (Academic Press, 1982), has found that the ability to recall events at least doubles when the event is associated with a smell instead of a visual memory. Think about your own life--what fragrances send you down memory lane? When I smell roses I am instantly a little girl again, sniffing my grandmother's potpourri jar. The scent of lavender just as quickly reminds me of her scented sheets. Increasing your retention of information with the aid of scent is easy. Tuck a fragrant herb into your notebook when you write down important information, or dab a drop of essential oil on your calendar when making a date you don't want to forget. You'll be amazed how quickly smelling that aroma again will trigger your memory. You can easily create your own brain stimulating massage and body oil; rub some on or even just take a sniff when you need a lift. To make, add 20 drops lemon essential oil and 5 drops rosemary essential oil to 4 ounces sweet almond oil or other light vegetable oil, such as apricot kernel or grapeseed. To perk it up even more, add I drop peppermint essential oil. You can also make a brain-boosting tea with half a teaspoon each of dried or fresh rosemary and peppermint leaves by following the instructions for the four Gs. As you explore the use of brain boosting herbs, keep in mind that stress, anxiety and lack of sleep all can contribute to memory problems at any age. If any of these are an issue for you, the herbs in this article may help temporarily, but for lasting improvement you should address the source of the problem. Just be sure to do it soon--before you forget. KATHI KEVILLE is the author of three herb books, president of the American Herb Association and editor of the AMERICAN HERB ASSOCIATION QUARTERLY. |
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Vaccination coverage among children entering school - United States, 2002-03 school year Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Publication date: 2003-08-22 Arrival time: 2003-10-04 All states require proof of vaccination for children before school entry, and a summary of that coverage is reported to CDC. Rather than reporting vaccination status on school entry, state reports to CDC reflect coverage attained after evaluating students' vaccination status and ensuring that all children receive required vaccines. School vaccination requirements have been credited with ensuring high coverage (1,2), and one of the national health objectives for 2010 is to sustain > or =95% vaccination coverage among children in kindergarten through the first grade (objective 14- 23) (3). This report presents data regarding vaccination coverage from the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC)* for the 2002- 03 school year, which highlight high reporting rates and overall high coverage. Findings indicate that vaccines required by each state and the methods for surveying schools vary. CDC is working with states to standardize data collection procedures. For the 2002-03 school year, 49 (96.1%) states submitted vaccination coverage levels for children enrolled in kindergarten and/or first grade. All 49 states reported coverage for > or =3 doses of poliovirus vaccine, > or =1 dose of measles-containing vaccine, > or =1 dose of mumps-containing vaccine, and > or =1 dose of rubella-containing vaccine (Table 1). For diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, 39 (76.5%) states reported coverage for > or =4 doses, and 10 (19.6%) reported coverage for > or =3 doses; 39 states also reported coverage for 3 doses of hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine. Coverage for all vaccines except HepB was reported to be > or =95% in 29 (56.9%) states and > or =90% in 45 (88.2%) states. A total of 18 states based reports on a census of children entering kindergarten and first grade, 15 states on surveys of > or =95% of children, and five states on surveys of <50% of children (range: 5.1%-42.2%). National estimates of coverage were calculated by weighting each state's coverage estimate by the size of the state's birth cohort; all national estimates were >95% (Table). Editorial Note: Since the previous report on vaccination coverage for the 2000-01 school year (4), reporting increased from 36 (70.6%) states to 49 (96.1%) states. CDC has increased efforts to support states in collecting and reporting coverage among children entering school. One component of this increased effort is a new online reporting system that automates data management and calculation tasks. State laws requiring proof of vaccination before entering school have been referred to as a "safety net" for the U.S. vaccination program because they ensure that no child is missed (1). The safety net relies on the efforts of school nurses, teachers, and others to identify children who need > or =1 dose of vaccine. A recent survey of school nurses in DC indicated that approximately 50% of children needed one or more vaccinations to meet DC's school entry requirements (CDC, unpublished data, 2002). Findings of uniformly high nationwide coverage during the 2002-03 school year underscore the success of school entry requirements in boosting vaccine coverage. The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, methods for assessing vaccination coverage among children entering school vary because state and local laws determine which vaccines and doses are required, and sampling methods differ. The resulting variation in sampling methods among states limits the generalizability and comparability of these data. Second, children attending private schools and those who are home-schooled were not surveyed by all states. Population-based vaccination registries might someday provide uniform, reliable data on the vaccination status of children entering school, saving resources now devoted to gathering and processing children's vaccination histories. The findings in this report supplement those of the National Immunization Survey (5), which describe vaccination coverage among preschool-aged children. Together, these reports provide a comprehensive view of vaccination coverage among U.S. children. Additional information about assessing and reporting coverage among children entering school is available from the National Immunization Program Immunization Information Hotline, telephone 800- 232-2522 (English) or 800-232-0233 (Spanish), or by e-mail, nipinfo@cdc.gov. TABLE. Estimated vaccination coverage among children enrolled in kindergarten (K) and first grade, by state* and vaccine - United States, 2002-03 school year [dagger] * For this report, the District of Columbia is included as a state. References 1. Orenstein WA, Bernier RH. Surveillance-information for action. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990;37:709-34. 2. Orenstein WA, Hinman AR. The immunization system in the United States-role of school immunization laws. Vaccine 1999;17:S19-S24. 3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010, 2nd ed. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health (2 vols.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000. 4. CDC. Vaccination coverage among children enrolled in Head Start programs, licensed child care facilities, and entering school- United States, 2000-01 school year. MMWR 2003;52:175-80. 5. CDC. National, state, and urban area vaccination levels among children aged 19-35 months-United States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:728- 32. Reported by: K Shaw, MS, C Stanwyck, PhD, Data Management Div; M McCauley, MTSC, National Immunization Program, CDC. Copyright U.S. Center for Disease Control Aug 22, 2003 Publication date: 2003-08-22 |
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